Extended plateau capacity of phosphorus-doped hard carbon used as an anode in Na- and K-ion batteries
- Authors
- Alvin, S[Alvin, Stevanus]; Chandra, C[Chandra, Christian]; Kim, J[Kim, Jaehoon]
- Issue Date
- Jul-2020
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
- Keywords
- Hard carbon; Doping; Sodium-ion battery; Potassium-ion battery; Phosphorus; Interlayer space; Intercalation
- Citation
- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, v.391
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Volume
- 391
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/skku/handle/2021.sw.skku/3920
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123576
- ISSN
- 1385-8947
- Abstract
- Hard carbon is one of most promising anode materials used in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high low-voltage plateau capacity. Heteroatom doping into the carbon structure is considered an effective method to enhance the Na+-ion uptake. However, heteroatom doping is not utilized to increase the low-voltage plateau capacity because the carbonization temperatures are limited to low values (600-1100 degrees C). In addition, the formation of excess defect sites, which is caused by heteroatom doping leads to lower initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Herein, to increase the low-voltage plateau capacity and to maintain high ICE, combination of high-temperature carbonization and low-level heteroatom doping is investigated. The P-doped hard carbon synthesized at 1300 degrees C with doping level of 1.1 at.% exhibits enhanced reversible capacity of 328 mAh g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1), and high ICE of 72% in SIBs. After the P-doping, the low-voltage plateau capacity increases, while the high-voltage sloping capacity does not change significantly. This is attributed to the enlargement of the interlayer spacing between the graphitic layers, which enhances Na+-ion intercalation. The P-doped hard carbon delivers a high reversible capacity of 302 mAh g(-1) in potassium-ion batteries (KIBs); this value is 23% larger than that of undoped hard carbon.
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Collections - Engineering > School of Mechanical Engineering > 1. Journal Articles
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