벨리알과 사탄에 대한 역사적 개념 변천 연구

Abstract

We encounter many demonic beings in the Bible. Yet we also notice that there are apparent differences of those demonic beings, depending on the Old and New Testaments. We meet more supernatural demons in the New Testament than in the Old Testament. This paper is derived from this recognition of the different features of the demonic beings between the Old and New Testaments. This paper begins with the questions: (1) how did the Old Testament present Satan and Belial? (2) how were these demonic beings conceptually changed over time? To solve the problem, this paper examines, first, on the Old Testament, in order to find the initial and original roles and functions of Belial and Satan. Second, this paper surveys the Intertestamental literature, particularly, the Books of Enoch and of Jubilees to trace the conceptual changes of Belial and Satan. Finally, this paper reads the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were the closes document to the New Testament in terms of time period. By analyzing the roles and functions of Belial and Satan in the three stages of Jewish literature, this paper concludes that although the names and roles of the demonic beings were different in the Old Testament, the demonic beings had been finalized as one and same, that is, a supernatural being. More importantly, in the time of the background of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the demonic beings such as Belial and Satan had been considered as a celestial, supernatural demon, who had even power to govern the earth and earthly beings. Yet, the author community of the Dead Sea Scrolls believed that the Satanic power would be surely under the divine judgement, and conversely, the sons of light (i.e. the community of the Dead Sea Scrolls) would have the final victory.