Waveguide-enhanced grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering of buried nanostructures in thin films
- Authors
- Jiang, Z.; Lee, D.R.; Narayanan, S.; Wang, J.; Sinha, S.K.
- Issue Date
- 2011
- Citation
- Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, v.84, no.7
- Journal Title
- Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
- Volume
- 84
- Number
- 7
- URI
- http://scholarworks.bwise.kr/ssu/handle/2018.sw.ssu/14489
- DOI
- 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.075440
- ISSN
- 1098-0121
- Abstract
- X-ray standing waves generated by the interference of the scattered x rays from parallel surfaces of a thin film, the so-called waveguide effect, can be used to enhance or reduce the scatterings from certain depths of the film. Used in combination with grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering, this resonance effect provides depth sensitivity to extract buried structures in thin films of polymer and polymer/nanoparticle nanocomposite, which are not readily accessible by most surface techniques, such as scanning probe microscopy. We developed a rigorous theory of the diffuse scattering in the framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation using a discretization method analogous to Parratt's recursive formalism. In such a case, the distortion of the electric field of the unperturbed state from the nanostructures of interest is considered in a self-consistent manner. This theory allows a quantitative determination of the buried nanostructures when the x-ray waveguide enhancement is present or the size of the nanostructures of interest is comparable to or larger than the spatial frequency of electric-field intensity modulation. A unique capability afforded by this theory is that a nanometer or even subnanometer spatial resolution can be achieved in the depth information of the buried nanostructures, along with the in-plane correlation of the structures. © 2011 American Physical Society.
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