Reproductive risk factors of pterygium in postmenopausal women: a nationwide study in the Republic of Korea

Abstract

This study is to elucidate the associations between female reproductive factors and pterygium. A total of 1,339,969 postmenopausal women in a retrospective cohort of Korean National Health Insurance Service data on ages 40 and above in 2009 was included. Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted to assess the hazard ratio (HR) for pterygium according to reproductive factors. Late menarche, early menopause, short reproductive period, increasing parity (>= 2 children), breastfeeding (>= 6 months), and no use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptive (OC) were significantly associated with risk of pterygium. In multivariate analysis, the HR for pterygium was 1.764 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.529-2.035) for menarche age >= 17 years (reference: menarche age<12 years). The HR of menopause age<greater than or equal to>55 years was 0.782 (95% CI, 0.724-0.845) (reference: menopause age<40 years). The HR of parity<greater than or equal to>2 was 1.261 (95% CI, 1.148-1.385) (reference: nulliparity). The HR of breastfeeding >= 1 year was 1.663 (95% CI, 1.564-1.768) (reference: no breastfeeding). The HRs of HRT and OC use for any length of time were lower than those for the non-user groups (reference). Reproductive factors that increase estrogen exposure have protective effects against pterygium in females.