Associations of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference with the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A National Population-Based Study

Abstract

Simple Summary A high body mass index is positively associated with multiple cancer types. However, there are controversies regarding such an association with head and neck cancer. This population-based study is the first report of association of body mass index and waist circumference with the risk of head and neck cancer. Low body mass index and low waist circumference were related to a risk of head and neck cancer. These findings highlight the importance of preventing and reversing body mass index to reduce head and neck cancer incidence. Background: We investigated the association between BMI and HNC subtype incidence in a cohort study of ten million people, adjusting for the effect of smoking and drinking. We also investigated the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and HNC subtype. Methods: All data used in this study originated from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. We analysed subjects who had undergone health check-ups in 2009 and monitored subjects until 2018 (n = 10,585,852). Finally, 9,598,085 subjects were included after exclusions. We collected variables that could affect the risk of HNC. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall incidence of HNC was higher in the low BMI category (BMI < 18.5 according to WHO recommendations for Asian people) (HR: 1.322; 95% CI: 1.195-1.464) compared with the normal BMI category. Among the HNC cases, the incidence rates of laryngeal (HR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.085-1.558), oral cavity (HR: 1.277; 95% CI: 1.011-1.611), and oropharyngeal (HR: 1.584; 95% CI: 1.25-2.008) cancers were higher in the low BMI category compared with the normal BMI category. No significant association was detected between low BMI and sinus cancer, salivary gland cancer, or nasopharyngeal cancer. The low WC category (<80 cm in men and <75 cm in women) was related to a risk of hypopharyngeal (HR: 1.268; 95% CI: 1.061-1.514) and laryngeal (HR: 1.118; 95% CI: 1.007-1.241) cancers. The HR for occurrence of HNC was high in underweight participants according to smoking status (1.219 for never smoker vs. 1.448 for ever smoker, p for interaction = 0.0015) and drinking status (1.193 for never drinker vs. 1.448 for ever drinker, p for interaction = 0.0044). Conclusions: Low BMI was associated with the risk of some types of HNC. The results of this study could assist etiological investigations and prevention strategies.