Effects of exercise initiation and smoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus on risk of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes

Abstract

Lifestyle changes after a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) can affect vascular health outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of changes in smoking and exercise on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in patients with newly diagnosed DM. Data were analyzed for 181,591 people with newly diagnosed type 2 DM who underwent 2 serial health examinations within 2 years before and after DM diagnosis. The study population was followed from the baseline to the date of death or cardiovascular events, or until December 31, 2018 and median follow-up was 6.07 years. Based on the change in status from before to after the diagnosis, participants were grouped into smoking groups (continuous smokers, quitters, new smokers, and nonsmokers) and exercise groups (constant exercisers, new exercisers, exercise dropouts, and nonexercisers). Compared with the nonexercisers, those who initiated exercise after their DM diagnosis had a lower risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause mortality: the hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.85 (0.76-0.94) for MI, 0.86 (0.78-0.94) for stroke, and 0.84 (0.89-0.90) for all-cause mortality. Quitters had a higher risk of MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality than nonsmokers, but their risk level was much lower than that in continuous smokers. When the group of continuous smokers and nonexercisers was considered as the reference group, participants who quit smoking and remained nonexercisers had a 21% lower risk of CVD (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.70-0.90). Those who quit smoking and started exercising had a 46% reduced risk of CVD (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.41-0.71) and a 22% reduced risk in all-cause mortality (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.63-0.96). Smoking cessation and exercise initiation after a diagnosis of new-onset type 2 DM was associated with a reduced risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.