Maximizing sustainable hydrogen and ZnO nanoparticles production from Goshala wastes with nanoparticles of ZnSO4 and NaBH4

Abstract

The main objective of the present research is to create clean energy from Goshala waste in a sustainable way. Accordingly, the cogeneration of hydrogen fuel and zinc oxide nanoparticles from a sustainable Goshala waste of cow urine was tested. From this point of view, nano sodium tetrahydridoborate (nSTH) and nano zinc sulfate particles (nZS) were combined through a chemical reaction with cow urine to produce hydrogen. Consideration was given to cow urine that was 12 hr old and older by 12-hr steps. nZS concentration ranged from 0.2 g to 0.8 g with a 0.2 g step, while nSTH concentration ranged from 0.1 g to 0.4 g with a 0.1 g step. The range of pH values (3 to 12) was seen in goshala urine samples and their impact on hydrogen generation was also studied in the present paper. The novelty in this investigation not only optimizes (maximizes) the hydrogen production from the goshala waste but also produces and characterizes the ZnO nanoparticles as a byproduct. By using the combustion process, ZnO nanoparticles are produced from the residual solution after producing hydrogen. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction studies were used to analyze the ZnO nanoparticles. Ac-cording to the data, fresh cow urine (up to 12 hr old) produces 728 mL more hydrogen than aged (>12 hr old) urine when nanoparticle concentration was 0.8 g nZS and 0.4 g nSTH. The reaction for the production of hydrogen rate peaked at 237 mL/min within 2 min. The maximum removal efficiency was discovered at the same concentration as its residue, which has a low total carbon content of 2041 mg/L, an organic carbon content of 1334 mg/L, a nitrogen content of 1911 mg/L, and a phosphorus content of 170 mg/L. The generation of hydrogen was high in urine with a pH range of 3 to 8. In the final, the present research reported that the waste cow urine can be converted into a hydrogen source with the support of nanoparticles in an effective way.