Do Private Tutoring Expenditures Raise Academic Performance? Evidence from Middle School Students in South Korea
- Authors
- Ryu, Deockhyun; Kang, Changhui
- Issue Date
- Mar-2013
- Publisher
- WILEY-BLACKWELL
- Keywords
- private tutoring; test scores; instrumental variables; matching; nonparametric bounds; South Korea
- Citation
- ASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, v.27, no.1, pp 59 - 83
- Pages
- 25
- Journal Title
- ASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL
- Volume
- 27
- Number
- 1
- Start Page
- 59
- End Page
- 83
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/cau/handle/2019.sw.cau/14805
- DOI
- 10.1111/asej.12002
- ISSN
- 1351-3958
1467-8381
- Abstract
- To shed light on the effectiveness of educational inputs for student outcomes, this paper examines the effect of private tutoring expenditures on the academic performance of middle school students in South Korea. To address endogeneity, the paper uses instrumental variables, first-difference, propensity-score matching and nonparametric bounding methods. We apply these methods to a panel dataset from South Korea, the Korea Education Longitudinal Study. The results show that the true effect of private tutoring remains, at most, modest. Instrumental variables (first-difference) estimates suggest that a 10-percent increase in expenditure raises a test score by 0.03 standard deviations or 1.1 percent (0.002 standard deviations or 0.08 percent). Matching estimates imply that the same amount of increase in expenditure leads to a 0.33 to 0.72 percent higher average test score. The tightest bounds of the effect of tutoring reveal that a 10-percent increase in expenditure improves the test score by a low of 0 to a high of 2.01 percent, while statistical tests fail to rule out zero effects. The modest effects of private tutoring found in the present study are comparable to the effects of public school expenditures on test scores and earnings estimated in previous studies.
- Files in This Item
- There are no files associated with this item.
- Appears in
Collections - College of Business & Economics > School of Economics > 1. Journal Articles
![qrcode](https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=55x55&data=https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/cau/handle/2019.sw.cau/14805)
Items in ScholarWorks are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.