Trends in endpoint selection in clinical trials of advanced breast cancer

Abstract

The selection of appropriate endpoints is crucial for the evaluation of clinical benefits and approval of novel anticancer agents. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate endpoint selection and the shift in trends in phase II and phase III trials of advanced breast cancer treatment. All phase II and phase III trials of advanced breast cancer registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry between October 2000 and September 2012 were included in our study. Two study periods were considered for comparison: October 2000 to September 2007 (cohort A) and October 2007 to September 2012 (cohort B). Information on primary and secondary outcome measures, as well as trial characteristics, was extracted by two independent reviewers. Of the 398 phase II and 120 phase III trials, the most frequently intended primary endpoint was progression-free survival (phase II: 28.1 %; phase III: 50.0 %). For phase II trials, a shifting trend in primary outcome was observed from cohort A to cohort B: the use of objective response rate, the most frequently intended primary outcome, significantly declined (cohort A: 60.6 %; cohort B: 39.0 %; P < 0.001), while the use of progression-free survival significantly increased (cohort A: 35.9 %; cohort B: 66.1 %; P < 0.001). Progression-free survival is the most frequently intended primary outcome measure in phase II and phase III trials of advanced breast cancer treatment, with a shifting trend observed from objective response rate to progression-free survival in phase II trials.