Visuo-spatial (but not verbal) executive working memory capacity modulates susceptibility to non-numerical visual magnitudes during numerosity comparison

Abstract

The present study tested whether visuo-spatial vs. verbal executive working memory capacity (hereafter EWM) modulates the degree to which non-numerical visual magnitudes influence numerosity comparison using pairs of dot arrays. We hypothesized that visuo-spatial (rather than verbal) EWM capacity would influence one's ability to selectively focus on numerical as opposed to non-numerical visual properties (such as dot size, cumulative area, density) of the dot arrays during numerosity comparison. Participants' performance was better on trials in which non-numerical visual magnitudes were negatively (vs. positively) correlated with numerosity (i.e., reverse congruency effect). The Low visuo-spatial EWM group manifested greater reverse congruency effect compared to the High visuo-spatial EWM group. A trial-based hierarchical regression on the accuracy of each trial using the ratio of (numerical and non-numerical) visual magnitudes as predictors revealed that the ratio of numerical vs. non-numerical visual magnitudes explained the greatest variance in the performance of the High vs. Low visuo-spatial EWM groups, respectively. In contrast, there was no difference between the High vs. Low verbal EWM groups from the same analysis. These results reveal differential susceptibility to numerical vs. non-numerical visual information depending on the capacity of visuo-spatial (but not verbal) EWM. Taken together, numerosity comparison performance measured with the dot comparison paradigm seems to reflect not only one's acuity for numerosity discrimination but also visuo-spatial EWM capacity likely required during integration of visual magnitudes during numerosity comparison.