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지리산권의 合米城·할미城 성곽설화와 마고할미The Formative Mythologies of Hammiseong and Halmiseong Fortresses in the Jirisan Area and the Myth of Magohalmi

Authors
송화섭
Issue Date
2018
Publisher
한국여성사학회
Keywords
Jirisan Mountain; Hammiseong Fortress; Halmiseong Fortress; Magohalmi; Onuihimnaegi; mythology; 지리산; 합미성; 할미성; 마고할미; 오누이힘내기; 전설.
Citation
여성과 역사, no.29, pp 165 - 212
Pages
48
Journal Title
여성과 역사
Number
29
Start Page
165
End Page
212
URI
https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/cau/handle/2019.sw.cau/18863
DOI
10.22511/women..29.201812.165
ISSN
1738-6691
Abstract
지리산권에 합미성과 할미성의 집중 분포는 지리산권의 자연환경과 역사문화적 요인과 인문지리적 환경에서 비롯하였다. 자연환경은 산간지대이지만 골짜기에 넓은 평야가 조성되어 경제적 부호(富豪)들이 출현할 수 있는 환경이었다. 역사문화적 요인은 삼국시대 백제와 신라가 운봉고원에서 국경을 두고 성곽을 많이 조성하였다. 통일신라시대 남원소경(南原小京)이 설치된 이후 남원지역에서는 문벌지족(門閥之族)들이 출현하였으며, 조선시대에는 과거급제자를 다수 배출하는 명향이었다. 또한 남원은 조선후기 민중문화 중흥기에는 고전소설의 발상지였다. 지리산권 합미성과 할미성은 남원 48방에 속해 있었으며, 명망가문과 관련이 있다. 지리산권에서 삼국시대에 축조된 산성들은 라말려초기에 지방호족들이 성장하면서 재활용되었다. 고려시대 본관(本貫) 단위로 지방호족들이 행정력과 경제력을 장악하면서 대토지의 농장을 경영하였으며, 소작농에서 거둬들이는 곡물을 산성에 비축하면서 합미성이 태동하였다. 지리산권의 명망가문들은 과거급제를 통한 입신출세와 지방경제력을 유지하는데 부녀자들에게 위대한 능력의 여성상을 요구하였다. 조선후기 민중의식의 성장은 신화,전설,민담 등이 널리 확산되는 환경을 만들었으며, 명망가문에서는 마고할미 전설과 오누이힘내기 전설을 끌여들여 성쌓기내기설화를 창출하였으며, 이러한 설화를 교훈으로 위대한 능력의 여성상을 요구하는 과정에서 할미성이 태동하였다. 유교문화가 발달한 가부장적 사회에서 남아선호(男兒選好)와 남존여비(男尊女卑),삼종지도(三從之道)의 유교적 여성관은 가정살림의 온갖 짐을 떠안은 열녀열부시대를 도래시켰다. 합미성.할미성 성곽설화는 지리산권 지방토호세력이 명망가문의 위상을 유지하고 과시하는 상징적인 이야기라 할 수 있다.
The prevalence of Hammiseong and Halmiseong Fortresses in the Jirisan Area is a result of the humanistic and geographical characters of the region that, in turn, is derived from the unique natural environment and the historical-cultural context of the Jiri Mountain. The area around Jiri Mountain is characterized by a combination of mountainous regions with wide fields forming in the valley areas, which resulted in the emergence of a group of economically prosperous plutocrats (富豪). The historical-cultural context of the region is characterized by the construction of multiple fortresses along the border of Baekje and Silla at Unbong Peak, the emergence of aristocratic intellectuals (門閥之族) based in Namwon, and the resulting intellectual prowess of the region well into the Joseon period. Namwon also served as the formative basis of classical novels in late Joseon’s folk culture revival. Hammiseong and Halmiseong Fortresses in the Jirisan Area were included in the 48 administrative regions of the Namwon area and are related to prominent families of the region. Mountainous fortresses constructed in the Three Kingdoms period were utilized by the emergence of regional aristocrats and warlords during the late Silla and early Goryeo periods. They were subsequently repurposed as the Hammiseong Fortresses, which were mountain fortresses that served as storage areas for grains collected from tenant farmers under the control of the regional aristocrats in the Goryeo period. These major families in the Jirisan Area required the backing of female labor to sustain the control of their regional economy and social mobility through national examinations and thus created images of strong womanhood. The growth of folk consciousness in the late Joseon period created a fertile environment for the expansion of mythologies, legends, and folklore, which manifested itself as Halmi mythology in the Jirisan Area. The Confucian ideal of womanhood, based on the patriarchal preference of males (男兒選好), the elevation of males over females (男尊女卑), and the three obedience for women (三從之道), created a period of virtuous women and wives who were saddled with numerous responsibilities for family life and sustenance. Thus, the creation of mythologies in the Hammiseong and the Halmiseong fortresses can be said to be reflections of Jirisan Area’s regional aristocrats flaunting and maintaining their status as holders of regional power.
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