AN X-LINKED HUMAN COLLAGEN TRANSGENE ESCAPES X-INACTIVATION IN A SUBSET OF CELLS

Abstract

Transgenic mice carrying one complete copy of the human alpha1(I) collagen gene on the X chromosome (HucII mice) were used to study the effect of X inactivation on transgene expression. By chromosomal in situ hybridization, the transgene was mapped to the D/E region close to the Xce locus, which is the controlling element. Quantitative RNA analyses indicated that transgene expression in homozygous and heterozygous females was about 125% and 62%, respectively, of the level found in hemizygous males. Also, females with Searle's translocation carrying the transgene on the inactive X chromosome (X(i)) expressed about 18% transgene RNA when compared to hemizygous males. These results were consistent with the transgene being subject to but partially escaping from X inactivation. Two lines of evidence indicated that the transgene escaped X inactivation or was reactivated in a small subset of cells rather than being expressed at a lower level from the X(i) in all cells, (i) None of nine single cell clones carrying the transgene on the X(i) transcribed transgene RNA. In these clones the transgene was highly methylated in contrast to clones carrying the transgene on the X(a). (ii) In situ hybridization to RNA of cultured cells revealed that about 3% of uncloned cells with the transgene on the X(i) expressed transgene RNA at a level comparable to that on the X(a). Our results indicate that the autosomal human collagen gene integrated on the mouse X chromosome is susceptible to X inactivation. Inactivation is, however, not complete as a subset of cells carrying the transgene on X(i) expresses the transgene at a level comparable to that when carried on X(a).