Subsequent correlated changes in complement component 3 and amyloid beta oligomers in the blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves the complement cascade, with complement component 3 (C3) playing a key role. However, the relationship between C3 and amyloid beta (Aβ) in blood is limited. METHODS: Plasma C3 and Aβ oligomerization tendency (AβOt) were measured in 35 AD patients and 62 healthy controls. Correlations with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, cognitive impairment, and amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) were analyzed. Differences between biomarkers were compared in groups classified by concordances of biomarkers. RESULTS: Plasma C3 and AβOt were elevated in AD patients and in CSF or amyloid PET–positive groups. Weak positive correlation was found between C3 and AβOt, while both had strong negative correlations with CSF Aβ42 and cognitive performance. Abnormalities were observed for AβOt and CSF Aβ42 followed by C3 changes. DISCUSSION: Increased plasma C3 in AD are associated with amyloid pathology, possibly reflecting a defense response for Aβ clearance. Further studies on Aβ-binding proteins will enhance understanding of Aβ mechanisms in blood. © 2024 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.