Association of antibiotic use with risk of lung cancer: A nationwide cohort study

Abstract

Background: Although recent studies indicated that antibiotics may be a risk factor for lung cancer, further understanding is needed. We investigated the association of long-term antibiotic exposure with lung cancer risk. Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study investigated 6,214,926 participants aged ≥ 40 years who underwent health screening examinations (2005–2006) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The date of the final follow-up was December 31, 2019. Exposures were the cumulative days of antibiotics prescription and the number of antibiotics classes. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer risk according to antibiotic use were assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Compared with the antibiotic non-user group, participants with ≥ 365 days of antibiotics prescribed had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (aHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.16–1.26). Participants with ≥ 365 days of antibiotics prescribed also had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (aHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.17–1.24) than 1–14 days of the antibiotic user group. The results were also consistent in competing risk analyses and adjusted Cox regression models that fitted restricted cubic spline. Compared with the antibiotic non-user group, ≥ 5 antibiotic classes prescribed group had a higher lung cancer risk (aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10–1.21). Conclusion: The long-term cumulative days of antibiotic use and the increasing number of antibiotics classes were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in a clear duration-dependent manner after adjusting for various risk factors. © 2023 The Author(s)