Fluorescent Imaging of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Associated with Pathophysiological Processes

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play their essential roles in regulating biological events. Their aberrant behaviors are mostly associated with pathophysiological processes. A better understanding of these processes can assuredly help us in examining the pathogenesis and progression of diseases and is beneficial for the ultimate clinical therapy. Numerous fluorescent probes have been developed in the last 5 years for detecting ROS and RNS involved in diverse pathophysiological processes, and these are summarized in this review. Optical properties of the fluorescent probes will be described, and their applications in ROS and RNS detection in pathophysiological models, including in chemical- and bacteria-triggered inflammation, drug-induced organ toxicity, specific diseases, injury of different tissues and organs, and other pathophysiological processes, will be elaborated. Finally, we judiciously highlight the achievement, limitations, and future perspectives in this field. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are deeply involved in diverse pathophysiological processes, and they are identified as biomarkers for dynamically monitoring such processes. Therefore, it is important to detect the variations of ROS and RNS in such abnormal courses to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of diseases. However, the complexity of biological conditions makes detecting these species more difficult. Accordingly, developing reliable and efficient detecting tools is in demand. Fluorimetric imaging has shown considerable advantages, and a variety of fluorescent probes have been developed for monitoring ROS and RNS in different types of pathophysiological processes. In this review, we summarize the recent advances and limitations in this field and propose future perspectives. This review is believed to provide referential value for detecting ROS and RNS in other pathophysiological processes with deeper exploration beyond this context. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

A better understanding of pathophysiological processes assuredly helps us inspect the pathogenesis and the progression of diseases and the ultimate clinical therapy. This review summarizes the development of fluorescent probes for ROS and RNS associated with various pathophysiological processes, including chemical- and bacteria-triggered inflammation, drug-induced organ toxicity, specific diseases, injury of different tissues and organs, and other pathophysiological processes. Further, challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.