Pairing in-vehicle intelligent agents with different levels of automation: implications from driver attitudes, cognition, and behaviors in automated vehicles

Abstract

In-vehicle intelligent agents (IVIAs) have been developed to improve user experience in autonomous vehicles. Yet, the impact of the automation system on driver behavior and perception toward IVIAs is unclear. In this study, we conducted three experiments with 73 participants in a driving simulator to examine how automation system parameters (the level of automation system and IVIA features) influence driver attitudes, cognition, and behaviors when driving or riding in a simulated vehicle. We focused on subjective evaluations of driver-agent interaction and driver trust toward IVIAs to assess driver attitudes, driver situation awareness, and visual dis-traction to capture their cognition, and their driving performance to under-stand their behaviors. Our results show that the level of automation system affects drivers’ attitudes toward agent capabilities (e.g. perceived intelli-gence). Embodiment benefits are more pronounced with Level 5 systems, while speech style, in general, is more influential in determining affective aspects of user attitudes (e.g. Warmth, Likability). As the level of automation increases, drivers engage in more visual distractions. In addition, conversa-tional speech style in general encouraged safer driving behaviors indicated by more stable lateral control under lower levels of automation. Our find-ings uncover the path of how system parameters affect driver behaviors through system evaluation and trust in agents. These findings have impor-tant implications for the development of cohesive user experiences in future transportation systems.