Acetogenesis to ethanologenesis: facilitating NADH oxidation via reductive acetate uptake

Abstract

(Homo)acetogens, including Clostridium spp., represent an enigma in metabolic flexibility and diversity. Eubacterium callanderi KIST612 is an acetogen that produces n-butyrate with carbon monoxide (CO) as the carbon and energy source; however, the production route is unknown. Here, we report that its distinctive butyrate formation links to reductive acetate uptake, suggesting that acetate (the end- product) is reuptake, leading to a physiological advantage through NADH oxidation. Thus, we introduced an ethanol production pathway from acetyl-CoA as a competitive pathway for butyrate production. Consequently, the metabolic pathway in our mutants switched from acetogenesis to 'ethanologenesis', eliminating butyrate production and the uptake of previously produced acetate. The metabolic shifts occurred toward greater NADH oxidation, facilitating CO oxidation and productivity, which is a survival mechanism at the thermodynamic edge. This metabolic shift to a single product holds potential to revolutionize product separation strategies in synthetic gas (syngas)-based biorefineries.