Influences of environmentally hazardous substances on atopic dermatitis: a review

Abstract

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by symptoms such as itching, dryness, and hyperpigmentation. It is often associated with psychological conditions, including depression, anxiety, and attention deficit. AD affects approximately 20% of children worldwide and is influenced by genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Among these, environmental pollutants play a significant role in the onset and exacerbation of AD, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants and young children. Objective: This review aims to examine the impact of various environmentally hazardous substances, including heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on the development and progression of AD in children. Results: Young children are more susceptible to environmental pollutants due to their immature immune systems, higher respiratory rates, and increased absorption of toxic substances. Exposure to heavy metals, VOCs, POPs, and PAHs has been linked to immune dysregulation, skin barrier dysfunction, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Studies suggest that minimizing exposure to these environmental pollutants may reduce the incidence and severity of AD in children. Conclusion: The growing burden of environmental pollution necessitates urgent measures to mitigate exposure to hazardous substances, particularly for vulnerable populations. Policies and interventions aimed at reducing environmental pollutants could play a crucial role in preventing and managing AD in children, ultimately improving public health outcomes. © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicoproteomics 2025.