6-Shogaol, an active compound of ginger, protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease models via anti-neuroinflammation
- Authors
- Park, Gunhyuk; Kim, Hyo Geun; Ju, Mi Sun; Ha, Sang Keun; Park, Yongkon; Kim, Sun Yeou; Oh, Myung Sook
- Issue Date
- Sep-2013
- Publisher
- NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
- Keywords
- 6-shogaol; ginger; dopaminergic neurons; substantia nigra; stratum; Parkinson' s disease; neuroinflammation; microglia; 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)
- Citation
- ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA, v.34, no.9, pp.1131 - 1139
- Journal Title
- ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA
- Volume
- 34
- Number
- 9
- Start Page
- 1131
- End Page
- 1139
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/14346
- DOI
- 10.1038/aps.2013.57
- ISSN
- 1671-4083
- Abstract
- Aim: 6-Shogaol [1-(4-hydroxy-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-one], a pungent compound isolated from ginger, has shown various neurobiological and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 6-shogaol on neuroinflammatory-induced damage of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Methods: Cultured rat mesencephalic cells were treated with 6-shogaol (0.001 and 0.01 mu mol/L) for 1 h, then with MPP+ (10 mu mol/L) for another 23 h. The levels of TNF-alpha and NO in medium were analyzed spectrophotometrically. C57/BL mice were administered 6-shogaol (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), po) for 3 d, and then MPTP (30 mg/kg, ip) for 5 d. Seven days after the last MPTP injection, behavioral testings were performed. The levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and macrophage antigen (MAC)-1 were determined with immunohistochemistry. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 was measured using RT PCR. Results: In MPP+-treated rat mesencephalic cultures, 6-shogaol significantly increased the number of TH-IR neurons and suppressed TNF-alpha and NO levels. In C57/BL mice, treatment with 6-shogaol reversed MPTP-induced changes in motor coordination and bradykinesia. Furthermore, 6-shogaol reversed MPTP-induced reductions in TH-positive cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and TH-IR fiber intensity in stratum (ST). Moreover, 6-shogaol significantly inhibited the MPTP-induced microglial activation and increases in the levels of TNF-alpha, NO, iNOS, and COX-2 in both SNpc and ST. Conclusion: 6-Shogaol exerts neuroprotective effects on DA neurons in in vitro and in vivo PD models.
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