Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding
- Authors
- Church, D.D.; Hirsch, K.R.; Park, Sanghee; Kim, Il-Young; Gwin, J.A.; Pasiakos, S.M.; Wolfe, R.R.; Ferrando, A.A.
- Issue Date
- Dec-2020
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- Aging; Amino acid kinetics; Anabolism; Essential amino acids; Muscle protein synthesis; Nutrition; Protein; Protein quality; Whole body protein synthesis
- Citation
- NUTRIENTS, v.12, no.12, pp.1 - 14
- Journal Title
- NUTRIENTS
- Volume
- 12
- Number
- 12
- Start Page
- 1
- End Page
- 14
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/79719
- DOI
- 10.3390/nu12123717
- ISSN
- 2072-6643
- Abstract
- Ingesting protein-containing supplements and foods provides essential amino acids (EAA) necessary to increase muscle and whole-body protein synthesis (WBPS). Large variations exist in the EAA composition of supplements and foods, ranging from free-form amino acids to whole protein foods. We sought to investigate how changes in peripheral EAA after ingesting various protein and free amino acid formats altered muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Data were compiled from four previous studies that used primed, constant infusions of L-(ring-2 H5)-phenylalanine and L-(3,3-2 H2 )-tyrosine to determine fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein (FSR), WBPS, and circulating EAA concentrations. Stepwise regression indicated that max EAA concentration (EAACmax; R2 = 0.524, p < 0.001), EAACmax (R2 = 0.341, p < 0.001), and change in EAA concentration (∆EAA; R = 0.345, p < 0.001) were the strongest predictors for postprandial FSR, ∆ (change from post absorptive to postprandial) FSR, and ∆WBPS, respectively. Within our dataset, the stepwise regression equation indicated that a 100% increase in peripheral EAA concentrations increases FSR by ~34%. Further, we observed significant (p < 0.05) positive (R = 0.420–0.724) correlations between the plasma EAA area under the curve above baseline, EAACmax, ∆EAA, and rate to EAACmax to postprandial FSR, ∆FSR, and ∆WBPS. Taken together our results indicate that across a large variety of EAA/protein-containing formats and food, large increases in peripheral EAA concentrations are required to drive a robust increase in muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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