Proanthocyanidins and Phenolic Compounds from the Twigs of Salix chaenomeloides and Their Anti-Lipogenic Effects on 3T3-L1 Preadipocytesopen access
- Authors
- Kim, Kyung Ah; Tran, Nguyen Khoi Song; Baek, Jiwon; Lee, Soah; Kang, Ki Sung; Kim, Ki Hyun
- Issue Date
- Apr-2024
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- Salix chaenomeloides; HPLC; NMR; procyanidin B-2; fatty acid oxidation; anti-lipogenesis
- Citation
- NUTRIENTS, v.16, no.7
- Journal Title
- NUTRIENTS
- Volume
- 16
- Number
- 7
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/91558
- DOI
- 10.3390/nu16071036
- ISSN
- 2072-6643
2072-6643
- Abstract
- The present study investigated potential bioactive natural products from the EtOH extract of Salix chaenomeloides twigs using column chromatography, leading to the isolation of six compounds (1-6), which were characterized as two proanthocyanidins, procyanidin B-2 (1) and procyanidin B-1 (2), and four phenolic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid beta-D-glucosyl ester (3), di-O-methylcrenatin (4), p-coumaric acid glucoside (5), and syringin (6) by the comparison of their NMR spectra with the reported data and high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) analysis. We investigated the potential of six compounds (1-6) to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which showed that the compounds (1-6) significantly reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without affecting cell proliferation. Notably, compound 1 demonstrated a remarkable 60% and 90% reduction in lipid levels with 50 and 100 mu M treatments, respectively. Oil Red O staining results indicated that compound 1 significantly inhibits the formation of lipid droplets, comparable to the effect of T863, an inhibitor of triglyceride used as a positive control, in adipocytes. Compound 1 had no effect on the regulators PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, and SREBF1 of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but compound 1 activated the fatty acid oxidation regulator, PPAR alpha, compared to the lipogenic-induced control. It also suppressed fatty acid synthesis by downregulating the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Finally, compound 1 induced the mRNA and protein levels of CPT1A, an initial marker of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1. This finding substantiates the anti-lipogenic and lipolytic effects of procyanidin B-2 (1) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, emphasizing its pivotal role in modulating obesity-related markers.
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