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Simulation-Extractable zk-SNARK With a Single Verificationopen access

Authors
Kim, JihyeLee, JiwonOh, Hyunok
Issue Date
Aug-2020
Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
Keywords
Protocols; Encoding; Mathematical model; Logic gates; Cryptography; Pairing-based zk-SNARK; simulation-extractability; quadratic arithmetic program; square arithmetic program
Citation
IEEE ACCESS, v.8, pp.156569 - 156581
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
IEEE ACCESS
Volume
8
Start Page
156569
End Page
156581
URI
https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/32760
DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019980
Abstract
Among the zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge (zk-SNARK), the simulation-extractable zk-SNARK (SE-SNARK) introduces a security notion of non-malleability. The existing pairing-based zk-SNARKs designed from linear encoding are known to be vulnerable to algebraic manipulation of the proof. The latest SE-SNARKs check the proof consistency by increasing the proof size and the verification cost. In particular, the number of pairings increases almost doubles due to further verification. In this article, we propose two novel SE-SNARK constructions with a single verification. The consistency check is subsumed in a single verification through employing a hash function. The proof size and verification time of the proposed SE-SNARK schemes are minimal in that it is the same as the state-of-the-art zk-SNARK without non-malleability. The proof in our SE-SNARK constructions comprises only three group elements (type III) in the QAP-based scheme and two group elements (type I) in the SAP-based scheme. The verification time in both requires only 3 pairings. The soundness of the proposed schemes is proven under the hash-algebraic knowledge (HAK) assumption and the (linear) collision-resistant hash assumption.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS)
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