Children's Early Difficulty and Agreeableness in Adolescence: Testing a Developmental Model of Interplay of Parent and Child Effects
- Authors
- Kochanska, Grazyna; Kim, Sanghag
- Issue Date
- Aug-2020
- Publisher
- AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
- Keywords
- Agreeableness; difficult temperament; longitudinal studies; parental control; self-regulation
- Citation
- DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, v.56, no.8, pp.1556 - 1564
- Indexed
- SSCI
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Volume
- 56
- Number
- 8
- Start Page
- 1556
- End Page
- 1564
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/9049
- DOI
- 10.1037/dev0001023
- ISSN
- 0012-1649
- Abstract
- Although the trait of Agreeableness is broadly considered a key facet of adjustment, mental health, and socioemotional competence, surprisingly little is known about its developmental origins. Laursen and Richmond (2014) proposed that children's early difficulty poses a challenge for their future social relationships, ultimately leading to low Agreeableness. Drawing from that model, we examined a path to Agreeableness in adolescence, originating in children's early temperamental difficulty and involving bidirectional effects of parenting and children's self-regulation. In a community sample of 102 mothers, fathers, and children, we assessed children's difficulty at age 3, and parental power-assertive discipline and children's self-regulation at ages 4.5 and 5.5, using behavioral observations in lengthy interactive contexts and in standard laboratory paradigms. Agreeableness at age 14 was modeled as a latent construct, derived from mothers', fathers', and teachers' ratings. Model-fitting analyses, testing the unfolding developmental path from child difficulty to Agreeableness while controlling for continuity of parental power assertion and child self-regulation, supported a process linking early difficulty with Agreeableness at age 14 through transactions over time between the child's self-regulation and power-assertive parenting. The findings highlight the early dynamics of children's temperament characteristics and parenting in the origins of Agreeableness.
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