Combined Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microspheres Containing Diphtheria Toxoid for a Single-shot Immunization

Abstract

To develop a single-shot vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid (DT) with a sufficient immune response, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil-in-water double emulsification and solvent extraction techniques using low or high-molecular-weight PLGA (LMW-MS or HMW-MS). Stearic acid (SA) was introduced to HMW-MS (HMW/SA-MS) as a release modulator. Mean particle sizes (dvs, mu m) varied between the prepared microspheres, with LMW-MS, HMW-MS, and HMW/SA-MS having the sizes of 29.83, 110.59, and 69.5 mu m, respectively; however, the protein entrapment and loading efficiency did not vary, with values of 15.2-16.8 mu g/mg and 61-75%, respectively. LMW-MS showed slower initial release (similar to 2 weeks) but faster and higher release of antigen during weeks 3 similar to 7 than did HMW-MS. HMW/SA-MS showed rapid initial release followed by a continuous release over an extended period of time (similar to 12 weeks). Mixed PLGA microspheres (MIX-MS), a combination of HMW/SA-MS and LMW-MS (1:1), demonstrated a sufficient initial antigen release and a subsequent boost release in a pulsatile manner. Serum antibody levels were measured by ELISA after DT immunization of Balb/c mice, and showed a greater response to MIX-MS than to alum-adsorbed DT (control). A lethal toxin challenge test with MIX-MS (a DT dose of 18 Lf) using Balb/c mice revealed complete protection, indicating a good candidate delivery system for a single-shot immunization.