Fermented Red Ginseng Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Regulating Macrophage Activation and T Cell Differentiation
- Authors
- Kim, Jeon-Kyung; Kim, Jae-Young; Jang, Se-Eun; Choi, Min-Sun; Jang, Hyo-Min; Yoo, Hae-Hyun; Kim, Dong-Hyun
- Issue Date
- Dec-2018
- Publisher
- World Scientific Publishing Co
- Keywords
- Immunomodulation; Immunosuppression; Inflammation; Probiotic-Fermented Red Ginseng
- Citation
- American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v.46, no.8, pp.1879 - 1897
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- American Journal of Chinese Medicine
- Volume
- 46
- Number
- 8
- Start Page
- 1879
- End Page
- 1897
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/8047
- DOI
- 10.1142/S0192415X18500945
- ISSN
- 0192-415X
- Abstract
- A variety of products have been developed with red ginseng (RG, the steamed roots of Panax ginseng Meyer). To clarify the immunomodulating effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), enzyme-treated eRG (ERG) and probioticfermented eRG (FRG), we examined their immunopotentiating and immunosuppressive effects in mice with cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression (CI) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis (TC). Oral administration of RG in CI mice significantly increased blood IFN-gamma levels. Treatment with RG also increased the tumoricidal effects of CI mouse splenic cytotoxic T (Tc) and NK cells against YAC-1 cells. Treatment with RGs, in particular FRG and wRG, significantly increased Th1 cell differentiation. Treatment with RG except wRG increased Treg cell differentiation. However, wRG alone increased IL-6 and IL-17 expression in the colon of CI mice. Furthermore, RG alleviated colitis in TC mice. FRG most potently suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha and IL-17 expression and increased IL-10 expression. RGs inhibited TNF-alpha expression and increased IL-10 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated primary macrophages in vitro while the differentiation of splenic T cells into type 1 T (Th1) and regulatory T (Treg) cells was increased by FRG in vitro. In conclusion, FRG can alleviate immunosuppression and inflammation by inhibiting macrophage activation and regulating Thl and Treg cell differentiation.
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