Engineering oxygen nanobubbles for the effective reversal of hypoxia

Abstract

Hypoxia, which results from an inadequate supply of oxygen, is a major cause of concern in cancer therapy as it is associated with a reduction in the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Overexpression and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) protein in tumours, due to hypoxia, results in poor prognosis and increased patient mortality. To increase oxygen tension in hypoxic areas, micro- and nanobubbles have been investigated by various researchers. In the present research, lipid-shelled oxygen nanobubbles (ONBs) were synthesized through a sonication method to reverse hypoxic conditions created in a custom-made hypoxic chamber. Release of oxygen gas from ONBs in deoxygenated water was evaluated by measuring dissolved oxygen. Hypoxic conditions were evaluated by performing in vitro experiments on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells through the expression of HIF-1 alpha and the fluorescence of image-iT (TM) hypoxia reagent. The results indicated the degradation of HIF-1 alpha after the introduction of ONBs. We propose that ONBs are successful in reversing hypoxia, downregulating HIF-1 alpha, and improving cellular conditions, leading to further medical applications.